GPI-anchored protein organization and dynamics at the cell surface |
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Authors: | Suvrajit Saha Anupama Ambika Anilkumar Satyajit Mayor |
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Affiliation: | 2. Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy, Thanjavur 613401, India;4. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore 560065, India |
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Abstract: | The surface of eukaryotic cells is a multi-component fluid bilayer in which glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are an abundant constituent. In this review, we discuss the complex nature of the organization and dynamics of GPI-anchored proteins at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Different biophysical techniques have been utilized for understanding this organization, including fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, single particle tracking, and a number of super resolution methods. Major insights into the organization and dynamics have also come from exploring the short-range interactions of GPI-anchored proteins by fluorescence (or Förster) resonance energy transfer microscopy. Based on the nanometer to micron scale organization, at the microsecond to the second time scale dynamics, a picture of the membrane bilayer emerges where the lipid bilayer appears inextricably intertwined with the underlying dynamic cytoskeleton. These observations have prompted a revision of the current models of plasma membrane organization, and suggest an active actin-membrane composite. |
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Keywords: | lipid rafts glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein nanoscale diffusion homo-fluorescence resonance energy transfer super-resolution signal transduction microdomains actomyosin activity |
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