Dominance Acquisition During Mammalian Social Development: The "Inheritance" of Maternal Rank |
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Authors: | HOLEKAMP, KAY E. SMALE, LAURA |
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Affiliation: | Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Stonybrook, New York 11794 |
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Abstract: | We first review the suite of general problems mammals confrontduring their social development, and then focus on the specificproblem of how group-living mammals acquire their social rank.In particular, we examine maternal rank "inheritance" (MRI)in those mammals for which maternal rank is the primary determinantof female rank. This occurs in many primates and in spottedhyenas. Young primates and spotted hyenas usually attain theiradult status in two stages: they first attain ranks correlatedwith those of their mothers in peer interactions, and subsequentlychallenge and outrank older conspecifics subordinate to theirmothers. Observational learning may be necessary, but is notsufficient, for MRI. In some primates, but not hyenas, youngstersappear to learn their ranks from direct aggression against themby higher-ranking adults. Third-party support appears to promoteMRI in all species examined: the probability and style of maternalinterventions on behalf of infants often vary with rank, andboth kin and nonkin frequently form coalitions that may assistjuveniles during rank reversals. |
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