Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers |
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Authors: | Hester van der Vaart Dirkje S Postma Wim Timens Machteld N Hylkema Brigitte WM Willemse H Marike Boezen Judith M Vonk Dorothea M de Reus Henk F Kauffman Nick HT ten Hacken |
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Affiliation: | 1.Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;2.Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;3.Department of Allergology University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;4.Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands |
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Abstract: | BackgroundChronic smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Knowledge on the response to the initial smoke exposures might enhance the understanding of changes due to chronic smoking, since repetitive acute smoke effects may cumulate and lead to irreversible lung damage.MethodsWe investigated acute effects of smoking on inflammation in 16 healthy intermittent smokers in an open randomised cross-over study. We compared effects of smoking of two cigarettes on inflammatory markers in exhaled air, induced sputum, blood and urine at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 hours and outcomes without smoking. All sputum and blood parameters were log transformed and analysed using a linear mixed effect model.ResultsSignificant findings were: Smoking increased exhaled carbon monoxide between 0 and 1 hour, and induced a greater decrease in blood eosinophils and sputum lymphocytes between 0 and 3 hours compared to non-smoking. Compared to non-smoking, smoking induced a greater interleukin-8 release from stimulated blood cells between 0 and 3 hours, and a greater increase in sputum lymphocytes and neutrophils between 3 and 12 hours.ConclusionWe conclude that besides an increase in inflammation, as known from chronic smoking, there is also a suppressive effect of smoking two cigarettes on particular inflammatory parameters. |
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Keywords: | Sputum Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inflammation Tobacco Carbon Monoxide |
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