Comparative Assessment of the Proteolytic Stability and Impact of Poly-Arginine Peptides R18 and R18D on Infarct Growth and Penumbral Tissue Preservation Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Sprague Dawley Rat

Poly-arginine peptides R18 and R18D have previously been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in ischaemic stroke models. Here we examined the proteolytic stability and efficacy of R18 and R18D in reducing infarct core growth and preserving the ischaemic penumbra following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the Sprague Dawley rat. R18 (300 or 1000 nmol/kg), R18D (300 nmol/kg) or saline were administered intravenously 10 min after MCAO induced using a filament. Serial perfusion and diffusion-weighted MRI imaging was performed to measure changes in the infarct core and penumbra from time points between 45- and 225-min post-occlusion. Repeated measures analyses of infarct growth and penumbral tissue size were evaluated using generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs). R18D (300 nmol/kg) was most effective in slowing infarct core growth (46.8 mm³ reduction; p?<?0.001) and preserving penumbral tissue (21.6% increase; p?<?0.001), followed by R18 at the 300 nmol/kg dose (core: 29.5 mm³ reduction; p?<?0.001, penumbra: 12.5% increase; p?<?0.001). R18 at the 1000 nmol/kg dose had a significant impact in slowing core growth (19.5 mm³ reduction; p?=?0.026), but only a modest impact on penumbral preservation (6.9% increase; p?=?0.062). The in vitro anti-excitotoxic neuroprotective efficacy of R18D was also demonstrated to be unaffected when preincubated for 1–3 h or overnight, in a cell lysate prepared from dying neurons or with the proteolytic enzyme, plasmin, whereas the neuroprotective efficacy of R18 was significantly reduced after a 2-h incubation. These findings highlight the capacity of poly-arginine peptides to reduce infarct growth and preserve the ischaemic penumbra, and confirm the superior efficacy and proteolytic stability of R18D, which indicates that this peptide is likely to retain its neuroprotective properties when co-administered with alteplase during thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke.