Sex ratio trajectory in mouse |
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| Authors: | Ashutosh Halder Isha Chaudhary Manish Jain Shivam Pandey |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;2. Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;1. Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic;2. R?esearch Institute for Animal Production in Nitra, 951 41 Lu?ianky, Slovak Republic;3. Selye Janos University, 945 01 Komárno, Slovak Republic;4. Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic;1. Department of Hematology, The 967th Hospital of Chinese People''s Liberation Army, Liaoning, China;2. Department of Pharmacy, The Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning, China;3. Department of Pharmacy, The 967th Hospital of Chinese People''s Liberation Army, Liaoning, China;4. Department of Pharmacy, The Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Liaoning, China;5. Department of Hematology, The Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Liaoning, China;1. Department of Physical Therapy for Women’s Health, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt;2. Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt;3. Department of Physical Therapy for Women’s Health, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt;4. Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt;1. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Molecular Biology & IVF Unit, University of Saarland, Germany;2. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt |
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| Abstract: | Skewing of the sex ratio towards males occurs in humans. The possible explanation for excess male births could be a preference for Y-bearing sperm at fertilization and/or selective elimination of female embryos during pregnancy. In this study, we have tested the sex ratio in the preimplantation embryo (2–3 cells stage/closest possible primary sex ratio), the post-implantation embryo (day E7.5), and at birth (secondary sex ratio) on a homogenous (genetic, environmental, and dietary) population of mice to ascertain the biological reason i.e., male preference at fertilization or female elimination during pregnancy or both. Primary sex ratio on early preimplantation embryos (2–3 cells stage) was studied on 598 embryos and secondary sex ratio (at birth) on 721 pups using PCR-based sexing (both X & Y chromosome-specific) besides sex ratio of 80 post-implantation embryos (day E7.5). We have also investigated whether the fat content (high & low) of the diet affects the sex ratio. We observed a skewed sex ratio (more female) in preimplantation embryos (0.436; 95 % CI 0.39, 0.48), and post-implantation embryos (0.462; 95 % CI 0.35, 0.57) but reverse skewing (more male) at birth (0.539; 95 % CI 0.5, 0.58). We also observed that high-fat diet promoted male sex ratio at birth (0.657; 95 % CI 0.57, 0.74) whereas a low-fat diet had the opposite effect (0.46; 95 % CI 0.36, 0.56) but no effect at fertilization (2–3 cells stage embryos). This indicates selective elimination of female embryo and fetus throughout pregnancy in mice, more so with a high-fat diet. |
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| Keywords: | Sex ratio Preimplantation Post implantation At birth High fat diet |
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