Revision of the Euthalia phemius complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on morphology and molecular analyses |
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| Authors: | MASAYA YAGO TAKASHI YOKOCHI MARIKO KONDO MICHAEL F BRABY BAKHTIAR YAHYA DJUNIJANTI PEGGIE MIN WANG MARK WILLIAMS SADAYUKI MORITA REI UESHIMA |
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| Institution: | 1. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;2. Shonan, Owariasahi, Aichi, Japan;3. Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan;4. Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia;5. Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia;6. Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia;7. Zoology Division, Research Centre for Biology‐LIPI, Cibinong‐Bogor, Indonesia;8. Laboratory of Insect Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China;9. Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa;10. Sannoh, Ota‐ku, Tokyo, Japan;11. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Adults of the Euthalia phemius complex, which is composed of three South‐East Asian nymphalid species, Euthalia phemius, Euthalia ipona, and Euthalia euphemia, were genetically analysed by examining mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The E. phemius complex was also examined morphologically, with particular emphasis on wing markings and male genitalia. No significant differences amongst the three species in the complex were detected with respect to either genetic distance or genital morphology. We therefore conclude that the three currently recognized Euthalia species belong to a single species. Accordingly, E. ipona is synonymized with E. phemius. Euthalia euphemia is treated as a subspecies of E. phemius. Type specimens of all taxa and a synonymic list for the E. phemius complex are also given. In addition, we briefly discuss the evolution and biogeography of the species complex. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 164 , 304–327. |
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| Keywords: | COI gene – EF‐1α gene – Euthalini – molecular clock – molecular phylogeny – ND5 gene – phylogeography – Strait of Malacca – taxonomy – Tpi gene |
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