Different kinds of male flowers in the dioecious plant Asparagus of officinalis L.

Summary In the dioecious plant Asparagus officinalis L. the female plants bear flowers that are all strictly of the same type, with well-developed pistils and collapsed and consistently sterile rudiments of anthers, while male plants, on the contrary, show a great variety of vestigial female organs, from small, rudimentary ovaries with no style and stigma, up to pistils provided with a rather long style that is often enlarged in a stigma. In our investigations, we used homozygous male and female doubled haploid plants obtained from in vitro anther culture, the all-male F₁ progeny and male individuals from subsequent backcrosses. The results showed that: (1) the character length of the style is genetically inherited and involves at least two genes, the influence of the environment being quite negligible; (2) in male pistils provided with style and stigmatic papillae, the pollination and growth of the pollen tubes up to the ovules do actually occur as a rule, the only barrier to fertilization being the absence of normal embryo sacs inside the ovules; (3) the character length of the style is a very reliable marker of the trend towards hermaphroditism in Asparagus, since a correlation always exist between length of the style, size of the ovary, tendency to self-pollination, vascularization and rate of development of the ovules inside the male ovaries. On the whole, most of our observations, together with the high inbreeding depression observed when occasional andromonoecious plants are selfed, are consistent with the hypothesis of the origin of dioecy in Asparagus from hermaphroditism via the gynodioecy pathway.