Impedance imaging in upper arm fractures |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biomedical Physics and BioEngineering, University of Aberdeen, Forresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland;1. Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland;1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, Room 1427, 101 Science Drive, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA;2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA;3. Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham NC, USA;4. Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham NC, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156, Iran;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran;1. Industrial Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Kita 19-jo, Nishi 11-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan;2. Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13-jo, Nishi 8-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan;1. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA;4. Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA |
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| Abstract: | We used the Aberdeen impedance imaging system to drive a constant current of 1 mA on a 10 kHz sine wave into the upper arm encircled by an elastic belt of 16 equi-spaced strip electrodes. The system was used to examine a normal upper arm, an upper arm with a recent humeral fracture and an upper arm with a clinically united fracture. We approximated the human upper arm to a circular cylinder and assumed bilateral symmetry of normal human limbs. We measured transverse limb resistivity ratios and reconstructed static two-dimensional images of the spatial distribution of log(resistivity) by the equipotential back projection technique using a homogeneous muscle equivalent saline reference. Our results indicate that impedance osteography provides unique information about the changing electrical characteristics at the fracture site. This information could prove a useful adjunct to clinical and radiological tests for fracture union. |
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