| Abstract: | The annual cycles of Daphnia carinata in three fish-free ponds in southern New Zealand (Quarry, Taieri and Raupo Ponds) are described. Although breeding was continuous, the populations were frequently dominated by distinct cohorts and there was a sexual phase in spring. Growth rates, particularly in Quarry Pond, were often slow, and clutch sizes generally small. Egg and neonate sizes changed seasonally, but changes were not closely related to clutch sizes and body lengths. In Taieri Pond and Raupo Pond some D. carinata grew to 6.14 mm and carried clutches of up to 154 eggs. The potentially high fecundity associated with large size makes D. carinata a good coloniser, but our studies showed that it also survives well in poor food conditions by growing slowly and producing only 1–2 eggs per clutch. D. carinata showed marked seasonal polymorphism in tailspine length and development of head crests. In winter, crests were absent and tailspines were short and varied little with body length. Crests were first apparent, and tailspines began to elongate, in early spring, before the first appearance of a notonectid, Anisops wakefieldi. By midsummer, tailspines had increased markedly with body length but the slope of the relationship declined in autumn. Laboratory trials showed that both tailspine length and crest development increased in the presence of Anisops. These increases may be due to water-soluble factor(s) produced by Anisops. |
