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gamma-Hydroxybutyrate modulation of glutamate levels in the hippocampus: an in vivo and in vitro study
Authors:Ferraro L  Tanganelli S  O'Connor W T  Francesconi W  Loche A  Gessa G L  Antonelli T
Institution:Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Abstract:The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on extracellular glutamate levels in the hippocampus was studied by microdialysis in freely moving rats and in isolated hippocampal synaptosomes. Intra-hippocampal (CA1) perfusion with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (10 nM-1 mM) concentration-dependently influenced glutamate levels: gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (100 and 500 nM) increased glutamate levels; 100 and 300 microM concentrations were ineffective; whereas the highest 1 mM concentration reduced local glutamate levels. The stimulant effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (100 nM) was suppressed by the locally co-perfused gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor antagonist NCS-382 (10 microM) but not by the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP-35348 (500 microM). Furthermore, the gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (1 mM)-induced reduction in CA1 glutamate levels was counteracted by NCS-382 (10 microM), and it was also reversed into an increase by CGP-35348. Given alone, neither NCS-382 nor CGP-35348 modified glutamate levels. In hippocampal synaptosomes, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (50 and 100 nM) enhanced both the spontaneous and K(+)-evoked glutamate efflux, respectively, both effects being counteracted by NCS-382 (100 nM), but not by CGP-35348 (100 microM). These findings indicate that gamma-hydroxybutyric acid exerts a concentration-dependent regulation of hippocampal glutamate transmission via two opposing mechanisms, whereby a direct gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor mediated facilitation is observed at nanomolar gamma-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations, and an indirect GABA(B) receptor mediated inhibition predominates at millimolar concentrations.
Keywords:CA1  conscious rat  CGP‐35348  microdialysis  NCS‐382  synaptosomes
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