Molecular genetics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicindela (Cylindera) terricola</Emphasis> and elevation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. lunalonga</Emphasis> to species level,with comments on its conservation status |
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Authors: | M Ryan Woodcock Michael G Kippenhan C Barry Knisley James A Foster |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Biology Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2012, USA;(2) P. O. Box 5018, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;(3) Associate, C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Biodiversity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;(4) Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, USA |
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Abstract: | Cicindela (Cylindera) terricola Say is one of the most widespread and variable species of Nearctic Cicindelidae with six recognized subspecies. Cicindela t. lunalonga Schaupp (1884) is known from few museum specimens collected prior to 1979. The goal of this study was to resolve the uncertain taxonomic
status of C. t. lunalonga using mitochondrial DNA analysis of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I and determine its conservation status.
In phylogenetic reconstruction using distance and parsimony methods, all members of the terrricola group were recovered as monophyletic and embedded within outgroup species of the subgenus Cylindera, while C. lunalonga was recovered as sister to all other members of the C. terricola clade. Cicindela lunalonga exhibited an exceptionally high (mean of 6.36%) pairwise sequence divergence for both genes against all C. terricola surveyed. For the cytochrome oxidase subunit I alone the pairwise divergence was 3.9–4.8% (4.58% avg.). The lowest divergences
were between C. lunalonga and C. terricola subspecies of the American southwest (C. t. cinctipennis and C. t. kaibabensis), rather than with the closest geographic neighbors (C. t. imperfecta). We conclude that based on strict monophyly and pairwise sequence divergence, C. lunalonga is a distinct species. Our study of museum specimens and extensive field surveys suggest this species has been extirpated from all sites in the
San Joaquin Valley and perhaps all but one of the historic sites throughout its range. Thus, it should be considered for Federal
listing as an endangered species. |
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Keywords: | Coleoptera Carabidae Cicindelinae Cicindela lunalonga Cicindela terricola Mitochondrial DNA Conservation Molecular genetics Tiger beetle |
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