Anaerobic fermentation for n-caproic acid production: A review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil;2. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita, 2270, CEP: 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;3. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita, 2270, CEP: 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;4. Centrum for Applied GeoSciences, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, Tübingen 72074, Germany;5. Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of Ceará, Avenida da Abolição, 3207, CEP: 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;2. Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;3. Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China (MOHURD), China;1. Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Delft Advanced Biorenewables, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC, Delft, The Netherlands;3. Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands;4. Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;2. Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89 b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;3. Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;1. Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;2. Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Hölderlingstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Anaerobic fermentation-based technologies are used for treating organic residues, and producing high value-added products, such as solvents, gases, and organic acids. Among several organic acids, n-caproic acid can be used as antimicrobial agent, additive in animal feed, flavor additive, and feedstock for chemical and biofuel industries. n-Caproic acid formation occurs through a carboxylic acid chain elongation process, which uses reverse β-oxidation of acetic and/or n-butyric acid, and ethanol or lactic acid as an electron donor. This review addresses important issues in commercial n-caproic acid production: metabolic pathways, kinetics and thermodynamics, substrates, reactors, inhibition of competing biological activities, pH, and acid extraction. Additionally, a mathematical model to describe the reverse β-oxidation kinetics was evaluated from existing literature. Current investigations show a wide range of n-caproic acid production rates (3.0–55.8 g/(L·d)), using different open cultures, fermentation conditions, and methods for inhibiting the methanogenesis. Clostridium kluyveri presence and a dominance of the Clostridium spp. were identified as determinant when ethanol was provided as electron donor. Continuous n-caproic acid extraction through pertraction is a promising technology, which combines selective extraction and enhanced production rates. However, confirming the industrial feasibility of this process requires further investigation. |
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| Keywords: | Carboxylic acid chain elongation Hexanoic acid Reverse β-oxidation Anaerobic fermentation |
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