Role of neurotrophic factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany;2. Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;3. Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany;4. Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany;5. Charité Center 12 for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin-Charité, Berlin, Germany;1. Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan;2. Department of Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan;3. Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan;4. Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Neurotrophins (NTs), a family of proteins including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4, are essential for neural growth, survival, and differentiation, and are therefore crucial for brain development. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by problems of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD is one of the most common childhood onset psychiatric disorders. Studies have suggested that both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of the disorder, although the precise causes of ADHD have not yet been identified. In this review, we assess the role of NTs in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Preclinical evidence indicates that BDNF knockout mice are hyperactive, and an ADHD rodent model exhibited decreased cerebral BDNF levels. Several lines of evidence from clinical studies, including blood level and genetic studies, have suggested that NTs are involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD and in the mechanism of biological treatments for ADHD. Future directions for research are proposed, such as using blood NTs as ADHD biomarkers, optimizing NT genetic studies in ADHD, considering NTs as a link between ADHD and other comorbid mental disorders, and investigating methods for optimally modulating NT signaling to discover novel therapeutics for treating ADHD. |
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| Keywords: | BDNF Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Neurotrophins |
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