Orientation and immersion depth of a helical lipopeptaibol in membranes using TOAC as an ESR probe

Trichogin GA IV is a lipopeptaibol antibiotic characterized by the sequence nOct–Aib¹–Gly–Leu–Aib⁴–Gly–Gly–Leu–Aib⁸–Gly–Ile–Lol (nOct: n‐octanoyl; Aib: α‐aminoisobutyric acid; Lol, leucinol), which exhibits membrane‐modifying properties. We synthesized step‐by‐step by solution methods three trichogin analogues, each with a single Aib → 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl‐4‐amino‐4‐carboxylic acid (TOAC) substitution. The similarity in the conformational propensities of the C^α‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids Aib and TOAC allowed us to exploit these analogues to investigate the orientation and therefore the mechanism of action of trichogin in the membranes by the electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. A conformational analysis by Fourier transform ir absorption and CD in different organic solvents and in a membrane‐mimetic environment indicated that the conformation of the natural lipopeptaibol remains almost unchanged in the three analogues. Moreover, for all of the analogues permeability measurements revealed membrane‐modifying properties comparable to those of trichogin. Our ESR investigation demonstrated that, in liposomes based on phosphatidylcholine, trichogin lays parallel to the membrane surface with its hydrophobic face oriented toward the membrane interior. These results suggest that trichogin might modify membrane permeability via a carpet‐like mechanism, at least in liposomes and in the absence of a transmembrane potential. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 50: 239–253, 1999