The Impact of COVID-19 On Comorbidities: A Review Of Recent Updates For Combating It |
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Authors: | Jonaid Ahmad Malik Sakeel Ahmed Mrunal Shinde Mohammad Hajaj Said Almermesh Saleh Alghamdi Arshad Hussain Sirajudheen Anwar |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India;3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India;4. Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India;5. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia;6. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia;7. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia |
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Abstract: | Coronavirus disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus first appeared in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 and has spread globally. Till now, it affected 269 million people with 5.3 million deaths in 224 countries and territories. With the emergence of variants like Omicron, the COVID-19 cases grew exponentially, with thousands of deaths. The general symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, sore throat, cough, lung infections, and, in severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and death. SARS-CoV-2 predominantly affects the lung, but it can also affect other organs such as the brain, heart, and gastrointestinal system. It is observed that 75 % of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have at least one COVID-19 associated comorbidity. The most common reported comorbidities are hypertension, NDs, diabetes, cancer, endothelial dysfunction, and CVDs. Moreover, older and pre-existing polypharmacy patients have worsened COVID-19 associated complications. SARS-CoV-2 also results in the hypercoagulability issues like gangrene, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and other associated complications. This review aims to provide the latest information on the impact of the COVID-19 on pre-existing comorbidities such as CVDs, NDs, COPD, and other complications. This review will help us to understand the current scenario of COVID-19 and comorbidities; thus, it will play an important role in the management and decision-making efforts to tackle such complications. |
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Keywords: | Comorbidities SARS-CoV-2 Complications Variants Mortality Alzheimer’s Disease Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 Acute Myocardial Infarction Avian Influenza A Hydroxychloroquine Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Angiotensin receptors blockers COPD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0095" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Community-Acquired Pneumonia Cardiovascular cardiovascular diseases Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Cardiac failure Coronary heart disease Diabetes Mellitus Disseminated intravascular coagulation Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Guillain-Barre Syndrome Guanine + Cytosine Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Hypertension Intensive care units Intravenous immunoglobin, KIMII-Kawasaki-identical to multisystem inflammatory illness KMS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0255" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome Myocardial infarction NDs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0275" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Neurological disorders Non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Personal protective equipment Retinoblastoma protein Reactive Nitrogen Species BP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0335" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Blood pressure ROS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0345" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Reactive oxygen species SEM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0355" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," $$" :[{" #name" :" __text__" ," _" :" Scanning " },{" #name" :" bold" ," _" :" electronic" },{" #name" :" __text__" ," _" :" microscope SARS-CoV-2" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0365" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ST-elevated myocardial infarction Parkinson’s Disease |
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