Investigating DNA adduct-targeted mutagenicity of tamoxifen: preferential formation of tamoxifen-DNA adducts in the human p53 gene in SV40 immortalized hepatocytes but not endometrial carcinoma cells

Tamoxifen is a widely used drug for chemotherapy and chemoprevention of breast cancer worldwide. Tamoxifen therapy is, however, associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer. The carcinogenicity of tamoxifen is ascribed to its genotoxic and estrogen agonist effects. We investigated DNA adduct-targeted mutagenicity of tamoxifen as a function of its genotoxicity in the cII transgene in Big Blue mouse embryonic fibroblasts and mapped the formation of tamoxifen-induced DNA adducts in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in SV40 immortalized human hepatocytes and human endometrial carcinoma cells. We used the terminal transferase-dependent polymerase chain reaction for mapping of DNA adducts in the cII and p53 genes. We utilized a lambda phage-based assay and DNA sequencing for determining cII mutant frequency and mutation spectrum, respectively. Tamoxifen treatment yielded polymerase-blocking DNA adducts at multiple nucleotide positions along the cII transgene. The treatment significantly and dose-dependently increased the cII mutant frequency (p < 0.01), leaving a unique mutation spectrum (p < 0.0001) and a signature mutation of G:C --> T:A transversions (p < 0.03), relative to the control. Tamoxifen treatment of the immortalized human hepatocytes but not endometrial carcinoma cells, even in the presence of an external activation system, i.e., rat liver S9 mix, induced DNA adducts at specific codons along exons 6 and 8 of the p53 gene. These data suggest a proficient metabolic activation of tamoxifen in human liver and an inefficient activation and/or efficient detoxification of tamoxifen in human endometrium. Because the liver is essentially a mitotically quiescent organ, tamoxifen-DNA adduction in the liver may, at least partially, prevent its reactants from reaching highly proliferative organs via, e.g., circulating blood. Thus, tamoxifen-DNA adduction in the liver may not have as significant biological consequences as it might have in highly proliferative organs. Our findings favor an involvement of a nongenotoxic mechanism in tamoxifen-associated human endometrial cancer.