Lead tolerance and accumulation in the gametophytes of the fern Athyrium yokoscense |
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Authors: | Hiroyuki Kamachi Ippei Komori Hideo Tamura Yoshimi Sawa Ichirou Karahara Yoshihiro Honma Naoya Wada Tokimasa Kawabata Kenji Matsuda Susumu Ikeno Munenori Noguchi Hiroshi Inoue |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan;(2) Biotechnology Group, Energy Application R&D Center, Chubu Electric Power Co., Midori-ku, Nagoya 459-8522, Japan;(3) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan;(4) Center for Far Eastern Studies, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan;(5) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan |
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Abstract: | The fern Athyrium yokoscense is known to be highly tolerant to lead toxicity, and is a lead hyperaccumulator that can accumulate over 1,000 g g–1 of lead in its dry matter. In this work, we examined whether the gametophytic generation of A. yokoscense also resists lead toxicity like the sporophytic generation. Spore germination in A. yokoscense was more tolerant to Pb2+, compared to that in other fern species, such as Pteridium aquilinum, Lygodium japonicum and Pteris vittata. In addition, the early gametophyte development of A. yokoscense was not much affected by 10 M Pb2+, as evaluated from the prothallial growth and rhizoid development. We also showed that Athyrium gametophytes could accumulate more than 10,000 g g–1 of lead, and that the lead was localized in the cytosol and vacuole of rhizoidal cells, as determined by a transmission electron micrograph. These results indicate that Athyrium gametophytes have the ability to accumulate lead in the rhizoids. Furthermore, the gametophytes were found to include a large amount of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins). Because proanthocyanidins have a latent ability to complex with lead ions, the possible roles of proanthocyanidins in the lead tolerance and accumulation of Athyrium gametophytes are discussed. |
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Keywords: | Athyrium yokoscense Fern gametophyte Lead tolerance Metal hyperaccumulator Proanthocyanidin (condensed tannin) |
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