广义森林生态效益货币量的空间模型分析

从广义森林生态效益计量概念出发，提出了广义森林生态效益货币量和森林生态环境空间的定义。根据广义森林生态环境的空间模型分析概念和实现空间模型分析的3个基本条件，采用Arcview和Autocad图形向GIS空间数据转换的方法对1986、1949和1896年黑龙江省森林资源空间图形资料和反推的小班资源数据库，通过环境图象叠置分析获得森林资源与环境的空间图象，建立广义森林生态效益经济计量模型，由此实现广义森林生态效益的GIS空间分析。结果表明：森林生态效益货币量的分布近似呈正态分布，各森林生态效益经济总量各占一定比重。利用GIS空间分析功能作出的黑龙江省森林生态效益主产区的空间分布图显示，黑龙江省森林生态效益的主产区主要分布在镜泊湖、兴凯湖、汤旺河、嫩江等江河的源头。通过分析黑龙江省森林生态效益货币总量的动态，得出1986年的黑龙江省森林生态效益比1949年下降38％，比原生状态的1896年下降59％。森林生态效益的下降与森林资源的数量和质量的下降呈正相关，森林生态效益的变化总是要滞后于森林资源的变化。

Analysis of general forest ecological benefits monetary spatial model

Generally, forest resource benefits include economic value, ecological value and social value in China. In this case study, we evaluated the annual economic value of forest ecological benefits in the Heilongjiang Province of northeast China, using both simulation models and Geographic Information System (GIS) that helps to analyze the effect of ecological factors (forest stand type, volume, altitude, longitude and elevation etc.) on ecosystem functions at province level.;There is rich in forest resources in Heilongjiang Province. Forest cover 34^7% of total land area in the province according to the third forest resource inventory in 1986. The ecological benefits related to twelve functions: water conservation, soil conservation, soil fertility conservation, Carbon fixation, Oxygen supply, construction microclimate, prevention from wind and sand, prevention from flood and draught, forest recreation, wildlife conservation, wild botany conservation, reduction of noise.;In the case study of Heilongjiang Province, we adopted the replacement cost method to valuate indirect forest ecological benefits. Considering of forest ecological benefits externality, the paper points out the essence of forest ecological benefits. Based on effective area coefficient and market approaching coefficient, forest ecology economic model were constructed. ;Applied with overlay multiple analysis method, forest ecological environmental spatial graphic (including attribute database) are built. Heilongjiang Province forest resource spatial graphs of 1986,1949,1896 were drawn by the software of Arcview or Autocad. Forest ecological benefits were divided into 7 degrees: (3831,5058),(5058,5653),(5653,6101),(6101,6596),(6596,7300),(7300,8027),(8027,8918).The proportion of forest ecological benefits: water conservation is 18.7%; soil conservation is 5.8%; soil fertility conservation 27.8%, Carbon fixation is 13.7%, Oxygen supply is 14.7%, construction microclimate 0.74%, prevention from wind and sand is 9.4%, prevention from flood and draught is 7.2%, forest recreation is 0.005%, wildlife conservation is 0.33%, wild botany conservation is 1.7%, reduction of noise 0.0001%. Through the principle component analysis, The first component was selected to construct forest synthesis ecological benefit physical quantity of 1986. Heilongjiang Province forest ecological benefits distribution map was done. Result illustrated that forest ecological benefits assumed normal distribution. The main production of ecological benefits region located at Jingbo lake, Xingkai lake, Tangwang river, Nenjiang river. The results of dynamic analysis of the Heilongjiang Province forest resource ecological benefits are: 1986 decrease 38 percent compared to 1949, and decrease 59 percent to 1896. The change of forest ecological benefits lagged behind the change of forest resource.