Adenoviral SERCA1 overexpression triggers an apoptotic response in cultured neonatal but not in adult rat cardiomyocytes

Although apoptosis and necrosis have been considered different pathways to cell death, only one compound induces both types of cell death. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) has been shown to have antioxidant or prooxidant effects in several different systems. We observed in our present study that DDC induced not only apoptosis but also necrosis depending on its dosage in HL60 premyelocytic leukemia cells. Moreover, in hypoxia cell culture conditions, DDC-induced necrotic cells decreased but DDC-induced apoptosis continued. We investigated the DDC-induced different cell death mechanisms as they are correlated with reactive oxygen species (ROS). High-dose DDC-induced necrotic cell death is thought to depend on the increase of intracellular ROS, while low-dose DDC-induced apoptosis is thought to depend on changes of the intracellular redox state by the transporting of external metal ions. There was no sequential or quantitative change of Bcl-2 family proteins in DDC-induced apoptotic or necrotic pathways. However, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was remarkably decreased in the DDC-induced necrosis. Finally, duration of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation resulted in different types of cell death.