Developmental polymorphism: a major factor for understanding sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis |
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Authors: | Gaétan Moreau and Éric Bauce |
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Institution: | (1) Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4;(2) Present address: Population Ecology Group, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 6C2 |
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Abstract: | Developmental polymorphism in Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was induced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) in the laboratory. The B.t. formulation concentration induced a quadratic response on the incidence of developmental polymorphism. A double application of Bacillus thuringiensis at fourth and fifth instar respectively resulted in a higher occurrence of developmental polymorphism than a single application at fifth instar. Smaller larval weight prior to B.t. exposure resulted in higher incidence of developmental polymorphism. However, larvae exhibiting developmental polymorphism exhibited larger pupae and an extended larval period. Thus, developmental polymorphism and Bacillus thuringiensis ingestion together prolonged the development time but induced opposite effects on pupal weight. These findings suggest that the calculation of sublethal effects on pupal weight and development time that include developmental polymorphism as an uncontrolled source of variation could lead to an inadequate understanding of insect response in any stress-induced experiments. |
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Keywords: | developmental polymorphism Bacillus thuringiensis Choristoneura fumiferana sublethal effects |
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