Uncovering cryptic diversity in Aspidomorphus (Serpentes: Elapidae): Evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear markers |
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| Authors: | Genevieve A Metzger Fred Kraus Allen Allison Christopher L Parkinson |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;2. Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA;1. Hanyang University, Department of Life Sciences, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea;2. University of Tasmania, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell''Ambiente, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy;2. Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain;3. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, via San Francesco di Sales 88, I-10022 Carmagnola, Italy;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;2. South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;1. Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;2. División de Herpetología, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), Santa Rita N°105 36 Of. 202, Urb. Huertos de San Antonio, Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru;1. Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Straße 90, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;2. Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;3. Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland;1. Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia;2. South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia |
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| Abstract: | The Papuan region, comprising New Guinea and nearby islands, has a complex geological history that has fostered high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Unfortunately, much of this diversity remains undocumented. We examine the evolutionary relationships of the venomous snake genus Aspidomorphus (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae), a Papuan endemic, and document extensive cryptic lineage diversification. Between Aspidomorphus species we find 22.2–27.9% corrected cyt-b sequence divergence. Within species we find 17.7–23.7% maximum sequence divergence. These high levels of genetic divergence may have complicated previous phylogenetic studies, which have had difficulty placing Aspidomorphus within the subfamily Hydrophiinae. Compared to previous studies, we increase sampling within Hydrophiinae to include all currently recognized species of Aspidomorphus and increase species representation for the genera Demansia and Toxicocalamus. We confirm monophyly of Aspidomorphus and resolve placement of the genus utilizing a set of seven molecular markers (12S, 16S, cyt-b, ND4, c-mos, MyHC-2, and RAG-1); we find strong support for a sister-group relationship between Aspidomorphus and a Demansia/Toxicocalamus preussi clade. We also use one mitochondrial (cyt-b) and one nuclear marker (SPTBN1) to document deep genetic divergence within all currently recognized species of Aspidomorphus and discuss the Solomon Island Arc as a potential center of divergence in this species. Lastly, we find high levels of concordance between the mtDNA and nuDNA markers used for inter-species phylogenetic reconstruction. |
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