Hidden Mediterranean diversity: Assessing species taxa by molecular phylogeny within the opilionid family Trogulidae (Arachnida,Opiliones) |
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| Authors: | Axel L. Schönhofer Jochen Martens |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;2. Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;3. Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria;1. Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Maãot, 321, Travessa 14, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil;3. Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of General and Systematic Zoology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany;4. Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;5. Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Universitymedicine Greifswald, Kuhstrasse 30, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;6. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolucão?, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Rua Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil;1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran;2. School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ve?na pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;1. Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, Travessa 14, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil;3. Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of General and Systematic Zoology, Universität Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany;4. Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;5. Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Greifswald, Kuhstrasse 30, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;6. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Rua Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil;1. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada;3. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4to Piso, C 1428 EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina;5. Universidad Católica de Temuco, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Laboratorio de Ecología Aplicada y Biodiversidad, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile;6. Nucleo de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile;7. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Casilla 10077, La Paz, Bolivia;1. The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA |
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| Abstract: | This is the first comprehensive study to evaluate the relationships between the western palearctic harvestman families Dicranolasmatidae, Trogulidae and Nemastomatidae with focus on the phylogeny and systematics of Trogulidae, using combined sequence data of the nuclear 28S rRNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Bayesian analysis and Maximum parsimony do not reliably resolve Dicranolasma as distinct family but place it on a similar phylogenetic level as several lineages of Trogulidae. Nemastomatidae and Trogulidae turned out to be monophyletic, as did genera Anelasmocephalus and Trogulus within the Trogulidae. The genera Calathocratus, Platybessobius and Trogulocratus each appeared para or polyphyletic, respectively and are synonymized with Calathocratus. The monotypic genus Kofiniotis is well supported. We show molecular data to be in general concordance with taxa characterized by morphology. Molecular data are especially useful to calibrate morphological characters for systematic purposes within homogeneous taxa. In the majority of closely related valid species we show the lowest level of genetic distance to be not lower than 5%. By this threshold in terms of traditionally accepted species the estimated number of species turns out to be 1.5–2.4 times higher than previously believed. With respect to European fauna cryptic diversity in Trogulidae is obviously extraordinarily high and hitherto largely underestimated. |
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