Silene patula (Siphonomorpha,Caryophyllaceae) in North Africa: A test of colonisation routes using chloroplast markers |
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| Authors: | Yamama Naciri Fanny Cavat Daniel Jeanmonod |
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| Institution: | 1. Unité de Phylogénie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Chemin de l’Impératrice, 1, Case Postale 60, 1292 Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland;2. Laboratoire de Systématique Végétale et Biodiversité, Université de Genève, Chemin de l’Impératrice, 1, Case Postale 60, 1292 Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland;3. HES de Lullier et Changins, Centre de Lullier, 1254 Jussy, Geneva, Switzerland;1. Makino Herbarium, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan;2. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan;3. Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural Science, Kuan Chien Rd., Taichung 404, Taiwan;1. Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain;2. Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Botany, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium;3. Azorean Biodiversity Group (GBA, CITA-A) and Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research & Sustainability (PEERS), Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal;4. Bryology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;5. National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia;6. Département de Systématique et Evolution, Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France;7. ScienceLifeLab, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden;8. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;1. Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States;2. Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;3. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, United States;1. University of Liege, Institute of Botany, B22 Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium;2. cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research & Sustainability, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal;3. Department of Plant Biology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;4. University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Storrs, CT, USA;5. cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal and Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Jardim Botânico, Lisboa, Portugal;1. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil;2. Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA;1. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (CONICET-ANCEFN), Labardén 200, C.C. 22, B1642HYD, San Isidro, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Department of Biology and Bean Life Science Museum, 4102 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA |
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| Abstract: | Based on morphological characters, the North African Silene patula has been divided into two subspecies, ssp. patula found North of Kabylies and Atlas Mountains, and ssp. amurensis found south of these regions. In order to test the hypothesis that S. patula could have derived from S. italica through the Sicilian Channel during the Messinian, we sequenced three chloroplast loci, trnH–psbA, trnS–trnG and rpl12–rps20. Fifteen haplotypes were found on 211 herbarium specimens, associated with a huge differentiation within species. The hypothesis that S. patula had independently evolved as two different subspecies North and South of the mountains is refuted and a morphological adaptation to different pollinators is suggested to explain the differences between the two taxa. The Kabylies–Numidie–Kroumirie gathers a large proportion of haplotypes, which points to this region as a probable refugium or place of origin from which spatial expansions have subsequently occurred towards Morocco and the Aurès Mountains. |
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