Glacial-driven vicariance in the amphipod Gammarus duebeni |
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| Authors: | L. Krebes M. Blank K. Jürss M.L. Zettler R. Bastrop |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Rostock, Institute of Biology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, Germany;2. Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Biological Oceanography, Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany;1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Italy;2. Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Clinical Pathology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Italy;3. Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, CPO Piemonte, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Italy;1. Systematics & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany;2. Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;1. Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;2. Epidemiology and Risk Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;3. Pathology and Molecular Systematics Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;4. European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;1. Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Technische Universität München, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Mühlenweg 22, D-85350 Freising, Germany;2. Würzburger Versorgungs- und Verkehrs GmbH, Haugerring 5, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany;1. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Centre Cologne-Merheim, Cologne, Germany;2. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Medical Centre Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimerstr. 200, D-51109 Cologne, Germany;3. Molzym GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany |
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| Abstract: | We have examined the genetic diversity using mitochondrial COI and ND2 sequence data from 306 specimens of the amphi-Atlantic-distributed amphipod Gammarus duebeni. Marine populations from the Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic and North Sea, as well as freshwater populations from Ireland, Cornwall and Brittany were analysed.G. duebeni is a complex of five allopatric lineages. Freshwater populations result from multiple invasions of marine ancestors, represented by distinct lineages. We interpret the recent distribution of lineages as the outcome of a series of spatio-temporal vicariant events caused by Pleistocene glaciations and sea level changes. The freshwater lineages are therefore regarded as ‘glacial relicts’. Furthermore, inter-specific competition with, for example, Gammarus pulex (which is absent in Ireland and western Brittany) may be another important determinant in the distribution of freshwater G. duebeni. In Ireland and Brittany, three freshwater refugia are suggested. The significantly limited gene flow detected among marine populations is more likely due to inter-specific competition than to salinity. The G. duebeni-complex represents a model system for the study of allopatric speciation accompanied by major habitat shifts. The pattern of spatio-temporal origins of the freshwater entities we describe here provides an excellent system for investigating evolutionary adaptations to the freshwater environment. Our data did not confirm the presently used subspecies classification but are only preliminary in the absence of nuclear genetic analyses. |
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