CAD/DFF40 nuclease is dispensable for high molecular weight DNA cleavage and stage I chromatin condensation in apoptosis

DNA degradation during apoptotic execution generally occurs at two levels: early as high molecular weight (HMW) fragments and later on as oligonucleosomal fragments. Two nucleases, CAD/CPAN/DFF40 and endonuclease G, can digest nuclear chromatin to produce the oligonucleosomal fragments, and it has been suggested that CAD might be responsible for HMW DNA cleavage. To more clearly define the role of CAD in nuclear disassembly, we have generated CAD(-/-) sublines of chicken DT40 cells in which the entire CAD open reading frame has been deleted. These cells grow normally and undergo apoptosis with kinetics essentially identical to wild type cells. However, they fail to undergo detectable oligonucleosomal fragmentation, proving that CAD is essential for this stage of DNA cleavage, at least in DT40 cells. Other aspects of nuclear disassembly, including HMW DNA cleavage and early stage apoptotic chromatin condensation against the nuclear periphery proceed normally in the absence of CAD. However, the final stages of chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation do not occur. Our results demonstrate that CAD is required for complete disassembly of the nucleus during apoptosis and reveal the existence of one or more as yet unidentified second factors responsible for HMW DNA cleavage and the early stages of apoptotic chromatin condensation.