Scots pine needle injuries at subarctic industrial sites |
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Authors: | E Kukkola Satu Huttunen Jaana Bäck Pasi Rautio |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Biology/Botany, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 333 FIN-90571 Oulu, Finland, FI |
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Abstract: | Injuries to needles of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in nutrient-poor soils on the Kola Peninsula collected in April 1991 were studied on a gradient of increasing
distances (10 – 115 km) from the Monchegorsk nickel smelter, Russia, which emits SO2, Ni and Cu. The condition of the mesophyll cells was quantified from needles of the two latest age classes using a light
and an electron microscope. The damage to the ultrastructure consisted of multistress symptoms caused by excess sulphur, heavy
metals, frost, acidic precipitation and ozone. Injuries were most commonly manifested in the form of dark, irregularly shaped
chloroplasts with protrusions and light thylakoids and plastoglobuli. These symptoms gradually disappeared with increasing
distance and decreasing deposition rate. Concentrations of sulphur, copper and nickel decreased towards more distant sites
where normal levels of the latter two elements were reached. Sulphur concentrations remained above background throughout the
distance gradient. In the closest plots to the smelter area, cell collapse under the stomata and epidermis related to acute
SO2 and heavy metal effects was found, whereas further away symptoms were more diverse, pointing towards the effects of ozone,
acidic deposition and thereby decreased frost tolerance. The additive multistress symptoms were clearly seen in the area up
to 40 km from the smelter where needle Cu concentration was above 110 ppm, Ni concentration above 39 ppm and S concentration
above 1343 ppm.
Received: 22 October 1995 / Accepted: 17 October 1996 |
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Keywords: | Pinus sylvestris (L ) Electron microscopy Heavy metals Multi-stress-symptoms SO2 |
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