Chemical composition of leaf volatiles in Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae) and their potential role as olfactory cues in host-localization of foundress queens of specific ant partners

Host-plant finding by foundress queens is an important step in the establishment of ant–plant symbioses and olfactory cues may play a crucial role in the Macaranga–Crematogaster ant–plant system for attracting foundresses over longer distances. MicroSPE was used to investigate leaf volatiles of 11 myrmecophytic and non-myrmecophytic Macaranga species. Chemical analysis (GC–MS) yielded a total of 114 compounds comprising a great diversity, including aliphatic compounds, aromatics, mono- and sesquiterpenoids. An analysis of the volatile data using the CNESS distances of the chemical profiles, followed by visualization of the data with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showed that even closely related species sharing the same ant partners have clearly different scent patterns. Comparison of spectra of volatile compounds between obligate myrmecophytic Macaranga species and myrmecophilous species that are only facultatively associated with unspecific arboreal ants did not reveal general differences. Choice experiments conducted with foundresses revealed that the ants have the capacity to distinguish between different host species. However, the behavior of the foundresses following surface contact with saplings indicates that other cues, like surface structure, may play a more important role in host-recognition over short distances than volatile compounds. We discuss alternative hypotheses for the possible role of leaf volatiles in the examined Macaranga species as chemical defense against herbivores.