Geographical variation in food web structure in Nepenthes pitcher plants

Abstract. 1. Relative to Nepenthes species in West Malaysia near the evolutionary centre of the genus, outlying species of Nepenthes in the Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Madagascar have fewer species of both prey and predator living in them, fewer and smaller guilds of species, much apparently empty niche space, less complex food webs, and a greater connectance. The ratios of prey to predators, and of connectance (C₁) to the total number of trophic types present remain approximately constant.
2. Differences between the food webs appear to be related in a complex way to the size of the country and its degree of spatial and temporal isolation, the size of the local species pool capable of colonizing the pitchers, and the number of Nepenthes species present. However, the maximal length of food chains in the richest and most complex food webs is probably limited by energetic constraints or environmental predictability.
3. The data may illustrate how food webs change to become more complex, both by the addition of new guilds of species and the addition of species to existing guilds, while at the same time certain properties of the food web are kept approximately constant.