Chemical aspects of hydrogen sulfide measurements in physiological samples |
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Authors: | Pé ter Nagy,Zoltá n Pá linká s,Attila Nagy,Barna Budai,Imre Tó th,Anita Vasas |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György utca 7–9, Budapest 1122, Hungary;2. Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen 4010, Hungary |
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Abstract: | BackgroundOwing to recent discoveries of many hydrogen sulfide-mediated physiological processes, sulfide biology is in the focus of scientific research. However, the promiscuous chemical properties of sulfide pose complications for biological studies, which led to accumulation of controversial observations in the literature.Scope of reviewWe intend to provide an overview of fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic features of sulfide redox- and coordination-chemical reactions and protonation equilibria in relation to its biological functions. In light of these chemical properties we review the strengths and limitations of the most commonly used sulfide detection methods and recently developed fluorescent probes. We also give a personal perspective on blood and tissue sulfide measurements based on proposed biomolecule–sulfide interactions and point out important chemical aspects of handling sulfide reagent solutions.Major conclusionsThe diverse chemistries of sulfide detection methods resulted in orders of magnitude differences in measured physiological sulfide levels. Investigations that were aimed to dissect the underlying molecular reasons responsible for these controversies made the important recognition that there are large sulfide reserves in biological systems. These sulfide pools are tightly regulated in a dynamic manner and they are likely to play a major role in regulation of endogenous-sulfide-mediated biological functions and avoiding toxic side effects.General significanceWorking with sulfide is challenging, because it requires considerable amounts of chemical knowledge to adequately handle reagent sulfide solutions and interpret biological observations. Therefore, we propose that a rigorous chemical approach could aid the reconciliation of the increasing number of controversies in sulfide biology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn. |
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Keywords: | 3MST, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase CBS, cystathionine beta-synthase CCO, cytochrome c oxidase CSE, cystathionine gamma-lyase Cys, l-cysteine DTNB, 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) DTPA, diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic-acid DTT, d,l-dithiotreitol GC, gas chromatography GSH, glutathione HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethane-sulfonic acid HSOH, sulfenic acid MB, methylene blue method MBB, monobromobimane method PBS, phosphate buffered saline RSOH, sulfenic acid derivative RSSH, persulfide ROS, reactive oxygen species SDB, sulfide dibimane TRIS, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane |
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