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The distribution of arctic lichens and thoughts concerning their origin
Affiliation:1. Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden;3. Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada;4. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;5. Manitoba Geological Survey, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;6. Department of Geography, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;7. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States;8. Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;1. College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China;2. Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligently Prefabricated Passive House, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China;3. Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;4. College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China;5. School of Architecture & Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China;6. China CEC Engineering Corporation, Changsha 410004, China;1. University of West Georgia, USA;2. University of Vaasa, Finland;3. Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany;1. Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA;3. Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India;4. ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain;1. Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;2. Leibniz Society of Sciences, Berlin, Germany;3. Crop Science Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany;4. Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Abstract:The distribution of many Arctic lichens is well known but their place and time of origin is still conjectural. Land bridges are often suggested but continental drift suggests a possible tie to Gondwanaland and Pangaea. This review suggests consideration of the available evidence for such ideas and emphasizes the need for more exact data from molecular studies of living and amber materials to determine the antiquity of the lichen species involved.
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