Effects of different environmental oxygen levels on free radical processes in fish

Changes in oxygen levels occur frequently in aquatic environments; therefore, water organisms, including fishes, evolve a wide spectrum of adaptations to both anoxia/hypoxia and hyperoxia. The review describes oxidative damage to cellular constituents by reactive oxygen species, alterations in glutathione status, and response of antioxidant enzymes to variable oxygen availability in fish. Anoxia- and hypoxia-tolerant species demonstrate an anticipatory increase of some antioxidant enzymes during low-oxygen state in order to enhance their antioxidant potential for dealing with possible oxidative stress upon return to normoxia. Under hyperoxic conditions, it seems that the glutathione system plays an important adaptive role. Most stressful conditions lead to a quick increase in lipid peroxidation products that, in turn, are detoxified rapidly by respective low- and high-molecular weight antioxidants. A scheme on possible ways of regulating antioxidant enzymes by different oxygen levels is proposed.