Birth weight,sex and childhood cancer: A report from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study |
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| Authors: | Alexandra Smith Tracy Lightfoot Jill Simpson Eve Roman |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland;2. University of Basel, Switzerland;3. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;4. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark;5. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France;6. University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark;7. The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway;8. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway;9. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, Switzerland;10. National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway;11. Pediatric Hematology–Oncology, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland;12. Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden;1. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;3. Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States;4. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States;1. University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 460, Berkeley, CA 94704-1070, United States;2. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008; PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia;3. Inserm, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, F-94807 Villejuif Cedex, France;4. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 1110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Province of Québec H3A 1A3, Canada;5. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 75M. Asias Str. Goudi, Athens 115 27, Greece;6. Cancer Immunogenetics Group, School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, University of Manchester, Room L5.CT.387, St. Mary''s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom;7. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Environment and Radiation, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France;8. Division of Epidemiology Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, MMC 715, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States;9. Dean''s Department and Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand;10. Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale – Università del Piemonte Orientale, SCDU Epidemiologia dei Tumori, ASO Maggiore della Carità e CPO – Piemonte, V. Solaroli 17 28100 Novara, Italy;11. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program, Research Program, Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, 6° andar, CEP 20231050, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;12. Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Québec, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada;13. Childhood Cancer Research Group, Richards Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LG, United Kingdom;14. Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;15. Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA), PO Box 86, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica;p. Research Department, Children''s Cancer Hospital, 57357, Egypt;q. Menoufiya University, 1 Seket Al-Emam St., el Sayeda Zeinab, Cairo 11441, Egypt;r. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States;s. Epidemiology Department, University of Washington School of Public Health, PO 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, United States;t. Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Houston, TX, United States;u. Texas Children''s Cancer Center, Houston, One Baylor Plaza, MS-BCM305, Houston, TX 77030, United States;v. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Room 207, Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute D02, NSW 2006, Australia;w. Cancer Research UK Paediatric and Familial Cancer Research Group, University of Manchester, The Medical School, Stopford Building, Room 1.900, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom;x. German Childhood Cancer Registry (GCCR) at the Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany;y. National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;z. ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Ponte Nuovo – Padiglione Mario Fiori, Via delle Oblate 2, 50141 Florence, Italy;1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark;3. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark;4. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;1. Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA;2. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark;3. Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA;4. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Olof Palmes Alle 43-45, 8200 Aarhus N, Aarhus, Denmark;1. Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP, U1018, Inserm, Villejuif, France;2. Epidemiology & Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | Birth weight has been linked to the risk of developing childhood cancer, in particular childhood leukaemia. However, despite many childhood cancers having a male predominance and boys generally weighing more than girls at birth few studies have reported sex-specific associations. The relationship between birth weight and childhood cancer risk was examined using information from a national case-control study. Children (0–14 years) newly diagnosed with cancer in GB were ascertained between 1991 and 1996 (n = 3651) and for comparison, controls matched on sex, month and year of birth were identified from primary care population registers (n = 6337). Birth weights were obtained from the Office of National Statistics for all targeted subjects born in England and Wales. Overall, cases were, on average, 30 g heavier at birth than controls (p = 0.003) with differences seen by cancer type; those diagnosed with hepatic tumours weighing around 500 g less than controls at birth (p < 0.0001) and those with leukaemia being, on average, 50 g heavier than those without (p = 0.001). An interaction between birth weight and sex was found for acute leukaemia (χ2 = 11.2, p = 0.04) and when data were stratified by sex, an association between high birth weight and risk of ALL was seen with girls (>4000 g, OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.38–2.50, χ2 for trend 20.2, p < 0.0001). Our results support the hypothesis that birth weight is an important determinant for childhood cancer. In addition, the data are consistent with the notion that childhood leukaemia has a prenatal origin. |
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