Secondary fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) in lichens of different taxonomic groups |
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Authors: | A. A. Burkin G. P. Kononenko |
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Affiliation: | 1. All-Russia Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene, and Ecology, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zvenigorodskoe sh. 5, Moscow, 123022, Russia
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Abstract: | Secondary fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) in 22 lichen species of the families Parmeliaceae, Nephromataceae, Umbilicariaceae, Ramalinaceae, Cladoniaceae, Peltigeraceae, and Teloschistaceae were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The following mycotoxins were found in these lichens in a broad concentration range with a frequency of 70–100%: sterigmatocystin (7–2090 ng/g), alternariol (20–6460 ng/g), and emodin (45–94500 ng/g). Mycophenolic acid frequently occurred in 19 lichen species; citrinin, in 17 species; diacetoxyscirpenol, in 11 species; cyclopiazonic acid, in 10 species; and zearalenone, in 9 species. PR toxin was regularly detected in three lichen species; deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A, in two species; and T-2 toxin and ergot alkaloids, in one species. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in only six species with a frequency of 2–42%, whereas roridin A was present in 10% of Hypogymnia physodes samples. |
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