Autophagy and plant innate immunity: Defense through degradation |
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| Authors: | Andrew P Hayward Jeffrey Tsao SP Dinesh-Kumar |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA;2. Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;1. Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;2. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;1. Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;3. Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;4. Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;5. Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria;6. Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;7. Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria;1. Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université de Montpellier 2 (UM2)/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France;2. Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel;3. Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France;4. Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Autophagy is a process of bulk degradation and nutrient sequestration that occurs in all eukaryotes. In plants, autophagy is activated during development, environmental stress, starvation, and senescence. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy is also necessary for the proper regulation of hypersensitive response programmed cell death (HR-PCD) during the plant innate immune response. We review autophagy in plants with emphasis on the role of autophagy during innate immunity. We hypothesize a role for autophagy in the degradation of pro-death signals during HR-PCD, with specific focus on reactive oxygen species and their sources. We propose that the plant chloroplasts are an important source of pro-death signals during HR-PCD, and that the chloroplast itself may be targeted for autophagosomal degradation by a process called chlorophagy. |
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