Cardiorespiratory responses to underwater treadmill walking in healthy females |
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Authors: | J. Hall I. A. Macdonald P. J. Maddison J. P. O''Hare |
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Affiliation: | (1) Physiotherapy Department, Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG, UK, GB;(2) Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK, GB;(3) Department of Rheumatology, Ysbyty Gwynedd Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2PW, UK, GB;(4) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK, GB |
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Abstract: | This study compared the cardiorespiratory responses of eight healthy women (mean age 30.25 years) to submaximal exercise on land (LTm) and water treadmills (WTm) in chest-deep water (Aquaciser). In addition, the effects of two different water temperatures were examined (28 and 36°C). Each exercise test consisted of three consecutive 5-min bouts at 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 km · h−1. Oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and heart rate (HR), measured using open-circuit spirometry and telemetry, respectively, increased linearly with increasing speed both in water and on land. At 3.5 km · h−1 V˙O2 was similar across procedures [χ = 0.6 (0.05) l · min−1]. At 4.5 and 5.5 km · h−1 V˙O2 was significantly higher in water than on land, but there was no temperature effect (WTm: 0.9 and 1.4, respectively; LTm: 0.8 and 0.9 l · min−1, respectively). HR was significantly higher in WTm at 36°C compared to WTm at 28°C at all speeds, and compared to LTm at 4.5 and 5.5 km · h−1 (P ≤ 0.003). The HR-V˙O2 relationship showed that at a V˙O2 of 0.9 l · min−1, HR was higher in water at 36°C (115 beats · min−1) than either on land (100 beats · min−1) or in water at 28°C (99 beats · min−1). The Borg scale of perceived exertion showed that walking in water at 4.5 and 5.5 km · h−1 was significantly harder than on land (WTm: 11.4 and 14, respectively; LTm: 9.9 and 11, respectively; P ≤ 0.001). These cardiorespiratory changes occurred despite a slower cadence in water (the mean difference at all speeds was 27 steps/min). Thus, walking in chest-deep water yields higher energy costs than walking at similar speeds on land. This data has implications for therapists working in hydrotherapy pools. Accepted: 3 September 1997 |
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Keywords: | Head-out water immersion Walking exercise Oxygen consumption Effects of temperature Stride frequency |
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