Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are necessary for the induced response to herbivores by Cucumis sativus

Aims Although ecological interactions are often conceptualized and studied in a pairwise framework, ecologists recognize that the outcomes of these interactions are influenced by other members of the community. Interactions (i) between plants and insect herbivores and (ii) between plants and mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and may be linked via common host plants. Previous studies suggest that colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can modify plants' induced responses to herbivore attack, but these indirect effects of fungal symbionts are poorly understood. I investigated the role of AMF in induced plant response to a generalist herbivore.Methods I manipulated AMF status and herbivory in Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber, Cucurbitaceae) in a greenhouse to investigate induced responses in the presence and absence of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (Glomeraceae). Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Noctuidae) were used to manipulate prior damage and later as assay caterpillars. I also measured G. intraradices and herbivory effects on plant N and effects on plant growth.Important findings AMF status affected the induced response of C. sativus, underscoring the importance of incorporating the roles of plant symbionts into plant defense theory. Assay caterpillars ate significantly more leaf tissue only on mycorrhizal plants that had experienced prior damage. Despite more consumption, biomass change in these caterpillars did not differ from those feeding on plants with other treatment combinations. Leaf N content was reduced by G. intraradices but unaffected by herbivory treatments, suggesting that the observed differences in assay caterpillar feeding were due to changes in defensive chemistry that depended on AMF.