Phylogenetic inference from platyhelminth life-cycle stages |
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| Authors: | J Llewellyn |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Design of Studies and Scientific Writing Laboratory at the ABC School of Medicine, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Division of Cardiology, Queen''s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;3. Lankenau Medical Center and Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA;4. Coronary Center of the Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;5. Department of Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Management Center, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium;1. Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, UK;2. Wessex Archaeology, Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury SP4 6ED, UK.;3. Laboratory of Palaeoecology and Archaeobotany, Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;4. Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.;5. Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;6. Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Latvia |
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| Abstract: | Studies of the life cycle stages of digeneans and oncophoreans (= monogeneans and cestodes) indicate that these two groups had separate origins from free-living rhabdocoel-like ancestors and that the original single-host life cycles became 2-host cycles through accidental ingestion, in digeneans by free-swimming adults being ingested by vertebrates, and in cestodes by eggs being ingested by invertebrates. In both lines a third host was incorporated as a means of increasing the efficiency of transfer between hosts, in digeneans between the primary mollusc and the secondary vertebrate, and in cestodes between the secondary (“first intermediate”) host and the primary vertebrate host. |
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