In vitro analysis of kinematics and elastostatics of the human rib cage during thoracic spinal movement for the validation of numerical models |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Trauma Research Centre Ulm, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;2. SpineServ GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Germany;1. Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;2. International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan;2. Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan;1. Dept. of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;3. VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands;4. University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands;1. University of Kansas, Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W 15th Street, Learned Hall Room 3138, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;2. Children''s Mercy Hospital and Clinics of Kansas City, Orthopaedic Surgery, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City MO 64108, USA;3. University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 3901 Rainbow Bvld., MS 3021, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;4. University of Kansas, Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W 15th Street, Learned Hall Room 3138, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, ul. Nowowiejska 24, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland;2. University of Virginia, Center for Applied Biomechanics, 4040 Lewis & Clark, Charlottesville, 22911 VA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Neither kinematic nor stiffness properties of the rib cage during thoracic spinal motion were investigated in previous studies, while being essential for the accurate validation of numerical models of the whole thorax. The aim of this in vitro study therefore was to quantify the kinematics and elastostatics of the human rib cage under defined boundary conditions. Eight fresh frozen human thoracic spine specimens (C7-L1, median age 55 years, ranging from 40 to 60 years) including entire rib cages were loaded quasi-statically in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation using pure moments of 5 Nm. Relative motions of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sternal structures as well as strains on the ribs were measured using optical motion tracking of 150 reflective markers per specimen, while specimens were loaded displacement-controlled with a constant rate of 1°/s for 3.5 cycles. The third full cycle was used to determine relative angles and strains at full loading of the spine for all motion directions. Largest relative angles were found in the main loading directions with only small motions at the mid-thoracic levels. Highest strains of the intercostal spaces were detected in the anterior section of the lowest fourth of the rib cage, showing compressions and elongations of more than 10% in all spinal motion planes. Elastostatic rib deformation was generally less than 1%. Rib-sternum relative motions exhibited complex motion patterns, overall showing relative angles below 2°. The results indicate that rib cage structures are not macroscopically deformed during spinal motion, but exhibit characteristic reproducible kinematics patterns. |
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| Keywords: | Rib cage Sternum Kinematics Bending deformation In vitro study |
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