流域水质管理系统构建的理论、方法和实践

随着工农业的发展及乡村都市化 ,淡水资源的短缺成为全球性的问题。淡水资源的短缺 ,一方面是对淡水需求量增加 ,供不应求。另一方面是水体水质恶化 ,水资源退化。保护淡水资源是一项持久性的艰巨任务 ,其中水资源管理工具评价预测各种管理措施对水资源的影响 ,是必不可缺少的。工业和生活废水对水体的点源污染问题 ,早在2 0世纪 2 0年代就被意识到 ,并开展了一些水资源的保护和管理研究工作。自 192 5第一个水质数学模型Ｓｔｒｅｅｔｅｒ Ｐｈｅｌｐｓ1] 用于模拟水环境中ＢＯＤ和ＤＯ的动态变化研究以来 ,出现了许多水质模型并用于河流、…

Methodology and Practice in Building Watershed Management System for Surface Water Quality

Watershed ecosystems are watershed-scale ecosystems that can be divided into two subsystems:land ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems.These two systems interact tightly through hydrology cycle.Aquatic ecosystems obtain water with nutrients from land ecosystems through hydrology cycle in watersheds.Aquatic ecosystems are often damaged by nonpoint source and point source pollution from land ecosystems.Nonpoint source pollution occurs coupling with watershed runoff,and it contributes a significant portion of all pollutants entering surface waters.Watershed-based water quality management must be taken into consideration and a tool is demanded to assess the impact of management on water supplies and nonpoint source pollution in watersheds and river basins.This paper introduces the methodology and practice in building watershed-based systems for integrated management of surface water quality.The general components of the systems comprise mathematics simulation models,GIS and aquatic ecosystem assessment system.All components are imbedded in an integrated structure that takes advantage of the GIS's open architecture.Four major processes are modeled in management systems:hydrology cycle,soil erosion process and transport of nutrients and dynamics of water quality in water bodies.Aquatic ecosystem assessment is suggested to be taken into consideration in all of the further development of management systems,for natural and anthropogenic disturbances that occur in watersheds not only impact surface water quality,but whole aquatic ecosystems as well.