The Maize Transposable Element Ac Induces Recombination between the Donor Site and an Homologous Ectopic Sequence

The prominent repair mechanism of DNA double-strand breaks formed upon excision of the maize Ac transposable element is via nonhomologous end joining. In this work we have studied the role of homologous recombination as an additional repair pathway. To this end, we developed an assay whereby β-Glucuronidase (GUS) activity is restored upon recombination between two homologous ectopic (nonallelic) sequences in transgenic tobacco plants. One of the recombination partners carried a deletion at the 5' end of GUS and an Ac or a Ds element inserted at the deletion site. The other partner carried an intact 5' end of the GUS open reading frame and had a deletion at the 3' end of the gene. Based on GUS reactivation data, we found that the excision of Ac induced recombination between ectopic sequences by at least two orders of magnitude. Recombination events, visualized by blue staining, were detected in seedlings, in pollen and in protoplasts. DNA fragments corresponding to recombination events were recovered exclusively in crosses with Ac-carrying plants, providing physical evidence for Ac-induced ectopic recombination. The occurrence of ectopic recombination following double-strand breaks is a potentially important factor in plant genome evolution.