The comparative morphology and evolution of the eyes of caecilians (Amphibia,Gymnophiona)

Summary Caecilians (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) have been reported to have vestigial eyes, to lack some or all of the extrinsic eye muscles and their nerves, and to utilize eye muscles and glands, or derivatives of them, to effect movement of the tentacle, a chemosensory structure unique among vertebrates. Morphological evidence indicates that the eye is a functional photoreceptor in virtually all species examined, with an intact retina and optic nerve. The pattern of retention of extrinsic muscles varies. The ontogeny of the eye of Dermophis mexicanus is typical of that of most vertebrates, though components of accommodation never develop. Several taxa are reported in the literature to lack various eye structures; the present study reveals them to be variously present. Evolutionary trends in caecilian eye morphology include the following: (1) the eye is overlain by thicker, often glandular skin, to overlain by bone as well as skin; (2) extrinsic muscles become attenuate, and some to all may be lost; (3) the retina has the typical vertebrate layered organization, to having a reduced cell number, to becoming net-like rather than stratal; (4) the optic nerve is present, becoming attenuate, perhaps represented only by glial cells; (5) the lens is round (aquatic forms, larval and adult) to spheroid; lens crystalline to cellular (retention of the embryonic condition) to amorphous to absent; (6) the vitreous body is reduced or lost; (7) the cornea adheres to the overlying dermis or periosteum; the lens is free to adherent to cornea to adherent to both cornea and retina. Scolecomorphids have the eye pulled out of the socket and embedded in the tentacle under the skin of the upper jaw. This pattern of trends in eye reduction is similar to that observed in other vertebrate lineages that are fossorial or troglobitic.