Protective role of mitochondrial unsaturated lipids on the preservation of the apoptotic ability of cytochrome C exposed to singlet oxygen

Cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis in cells submitted to photodynamic therapy raises the question about the ability of photodynamically oxidized cytochrome c (cytc405) to trigger apoptosis as well as the effect of membranes on protein photo-oxidation. Cytochrome c was submitted to irradiation in the presence of MB+ in phosphate buffer and in the presence of four types of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/cardiolipin (PCPECL) liposomes (50/30/20%): totally saturated lipids (tsPCPECL), totally unsaturated lipids (tuPCPECL), partially unsaturated (80%) lipids, with unsaturation in the PC and PE content (puPCPECL80), and partially unsaturated (20%) lipids, with unsaturation in the CL content (puPCPECL20). Cytc405 was formed by irradiation in buffered water and in tsPCPECL and puPCPECL20 liposomes. In the presence of tuPCPECL and puPCPECL80, cytochrome c was protected from photodynamic damage (lipid-protected cytochrome c). In CL liposomes, 25% unsaturated lipids were enough to protect cytochrome c. The presence of unsaturated lipids, in amounts varying according to the liposome composition, are crucial to protect cytochrome c. Interesting findings corroborating the unsaturated lipids as cytochrome c protectors were obtained from the analysis of the lipid-oxidized derivatives of the samples. Native cytochrome c, lipid-protected cytochrome c, and cytc405 were microinjected in aortic smooth muscle cells. Apoptosis, characterized by nucleus blebbing and chromatin condensation, was detected in cells loaded with native and lipid protected cytochrome c but not in cells loaded with cytc405. These results suggest that photodynamic therapy-promoted apoptosis is feasible due to the protective effect of the mitochondrial lipids on the cytochrome c structure and function.