Cystatin forms a tetramer through structural rearrangement of domain-swapped dimers prior to amyloidogenesis

The cystatins were the first amyloidogenic proteins to be shown to oligomerize through a 3D domain swapping mechanism. Here we show that, under conditions leading to the formation of amyloid deposits, the domain-swapped dimer of chicken cystatin further oligomerizes to a tetramer, prior to fibrillization. The tetramer has a very similar circular dichroism and fluorescence signature to the folded monomer and dimer structures, but exhibits some loss of dispersion in the 1H-NMR spectrum. 8-Anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence enhancement indicates an increase in the degree of disorder. While the dimerization reaction is bimolecular and most likely limited by the availability of a predominantly unfolded form of the monomer, the tetramerization reaction is first-order. The tetramer is formed slowly (t(1/2)=six days at 85 degrees C), dimeric cystatin is the precursor to tetramer formation, and thus the rate is limited by structural rearrangement within the dimer. Some higher-order oligomerization events parallel tetramer formation while others follow from the tetrameric form. Thus, the tetramer is a transient intermediate within the pathway of large-scale oligomerization.