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Synonymous Mutations at the Beginning of the Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Gene Impact Experimental Fitness |
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| Authors: | Aneth S Canale Sergey V Venev Troy W Whitfield Daniel R Caffrey Wayne A Marasco Celia A Schiffer Timothy F Kowalik Jeffrey D Jensen Robert W Finberg Konstantin B Zeldovich Jennifer P Wang Daniel NA Bolon |
| Institution: | 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;2. Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;3. Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;4. Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA;5. Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;6. School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution & Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. 85281, USA |
| Abstract: | The fitness effects of synonymous mutations can provide insights into biological and evolutionary mechanisms. We analyzed the experimental fitness effects of all single-nucleotide mutations, including synonymous substitutions, at the beginning of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Many synonymous substitutions were deleterious both in bulk competition and for individually isolated clones. Investigating protein and RNA levels of a subset of individually expressed HA variants revealed that multiple biochemical properties contribute to the observed experimental fitness effects. Our results indicate that a structural element in the HA segment viral RNA may influence fitness. Examination of naturally evolved sequences in human hosts indicates a preference for the unfolded state of this structural element compared to that found in swine hosts. Our overall results reveal that synonymous mutations may have greater fitness consequences than indicated by simple models of sequence conservation, and we discuss the implications of this finding for commonly used evolutionary tests and analyses. |
| Keywords: | deep mutational scanning selection synonymous mutations experimental evolution influenza A virus HA hemagglutinin IAV influenza A virus NA neuraminidase SRP signal recognition particle EMPIRIC Exceedingly Meticulous and Parallel Investigation of Randomized Individual Codons UTR untranslated region PFU plaque forming unit PBS phosphate-buffered saline MFE minimum free energy ODE ordinary differential equation |
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