Immunomodulation by dietary long chain omega-3 fatty acids and the potential for adverse health outcomes |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Food Science and Human, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States;2. School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States;3. Department of Biology, University of BC-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada;4. College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States;1. Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan;2. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children''s Medical Center, Japan;3. Department of Infectious Diseases, Shizuoka Children''s Hospital, Japan;4. Division of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Children''s Medical Center, Japan;1. Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa;2. The Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom;3. The NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre in Nutrition, Southampton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom;1. Department of Biology, University “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy;2. Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy;3. Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy;1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;2. Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA School of Medicine, 100 UCLA Medical Center Plaza, Suite 345, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;1. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Italy;2. Nephrology & Dialysis, San Bassiano Hospital, Bassano del Grappa, Italy;3. Department of Emergence and Urgency Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, Siracusa, Italy;4. Department of Pharmacology, HEGP, AP–HP, INSERM U970, Paris, France;1. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States;2. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States;3. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States |
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Abstract: | Recommendations to consume fish for prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), along with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for long chain omega-3 fatty acids, may have had the unanticipated consequence of encouraging long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid [(eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] supplementation and fortification practices. While there is evidence supporting a protective role for EPA/DHA supplementation in reducing sudden cardiac events, the safety and efficacy of supplementation with LCω-3PUFA in the context of other disease outcomes is unclear. Recent studies of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in animal models of infectious disease demonstrate that LCω-3PUFA intake dampens immunity and alters pathogen clearance and can result in reduced survival. The same physiological properties of EPA/DHA that are responsible for the amelioration of inflammation associated with chronic cardiovascular pathology or autoimmune states, may impair pathogen clearance during acute infections by decreasing host resistance or interfere with tumor surveillance resulting in adverse health outcomes. Recent observations that high serum LCω-3PUFA levels are associated with higher risk of prostate cancer and atrial fibrillation raise concern for adverse outcomes. Given the widespread use of supplements and fortification of common food items with LCω-3PUFA, this review focuses on the immunomodulatory effects of the dietary LCω-3PUFAs, EPA and DHA, the mechanistic basis for potential negative health outcomes, and calls for biomarker development and validation as rational first steps towards setting recommended dietary intake levels. |
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Keywords: | Fish oil Immune function B cell Colitis Cancer |
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