Isolation between sympatric anadromous and resident threespine stickleback species in Mud Lake,Alaska

A sympatric pair of anadromous and resident freshwater threespine stickleback species (Gasterosteus aculeatus species complex) occurs in Mud Lake in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Alaska. The two forms differ in an array of morphological traits, including traits associated with predator defense (e.g., spine lengths) and trophic ecology (e.g., number of gill rakers). Mud Lake is only the third lake reported to have anadromous stickleback (which have a complete row of lateral plates) coexisting with low-plated resident stickleback in the absence of intermediate partially plated fish. Microhabitat and seasonal isolation appear to contribute to reproductive isolation between the two forms.