Morphological adaptations byGlehnia littoralis to the biomass and heights of peripheral herbaceous plants in coastal sand dunes

To clarify the effects of peripheral herbal plants onGlehnia littoralis growth in coastal sand dunes, the morphology of their aboveground portions was surveyed in five communities:Carex kobomugi, Calystegia soldanella, Ischaemum anthephoroides, Oenothera biennis, andElymus mollis. Correlation coefficients (CC) were generally significant at the 1% level between community properties total aboveground biomass (B) and height (H) of dominant species per unit area] and those ofG. littoralis leaf number (Nl), petiole angle (Anp), petiole length (Lp), petiole weight (Wp), Lp/Wp, Lp/weight of leaf blade (Wb), Wp/total weight (Wt), specific leaf area (SLA), stem length (Ls), and Ls/weight of stem (Ws)J The exceptions were among four pairings: B and NI, B and Wt, H and Nl, and H and Wt. Of the two community properties, biomass had the greatest association with leaf properties while H was most closely related to those of the stems. Petiole angle increased along with leaf order, from 0° to 42° for the C.kobomugi community, from 5° to 55° forCalystegia soldanella, from 49° to 74° forI. anthephoroides, from 54° to 80° forO. biennis, and from 75° to 85° forE. mollis. In all communities, the properties of Wp, SLA, and Wb increased up to the third or fourth leaf, but then decreased; the exception was for Lp/Wp, which was the reverse. Leaf order of the largest one moved from first position to third as either B or H increased in a community.