Isolation of bacteriophage MX4, a generalized transducing phage for Myxococcus xanthus.

The structure of α-chitin has been determined by X-ray diffraction, based on the intensity data from deproteinized lobster tendon. Least-squares refinement shows that adjacent chains have alternating sense (i.e. are antiparallel). In addition, there is a statistical distribution of side-chain orientations, such that all the hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds. The unit cell is orthorhombic with dimensions a = 0.474 ± 0.001 nm, b = 1.886 ± 0.002 nm and c = 1.032 ± 0.002 nm (fiber axis); the space group is P2₁2₁2₁ and the cell contains disaccharide sections of the two chains passing through the center and corner of the ab projection. The chains form hydrogen-bonded sheets linked by CO…HN bonds approximately parallel to the a axis, and each chain has an O-3′H…O.5 intramolecular hydrogen bond, similar to that in cellulose. Adjacent chains along the ab diagonal have different conformations for the CH₂OH groups: on one chain these groups form O.6H…O.6′ intermolecular hydrogen bonds to the CH₂OH group on the adjacent chain along the ab diagonal. The latter group is oriented to form an intramolecular O.6′H…O.7 bond to the carboxyl oxygen on the next residue. The results indicate that a statistical mixture of CH₂OH orientations is present, equivalent to half oxygens on each residue, each forming inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. As a result the structure contains two types of amide groups, which differ in their hydrogen bonding, and account for the splitting of the amide I band in the infrared spectrum. The Inability of this chitin polymorph to swell on soaking in water is explained by the extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding.