Interaction of bracken-fern extract with vitamin C in human submandibular gland and oral epithelium cell lines

The consumption of bracken-fern (Pteridium aquilinum) as food is associated with a high incidence of cancer in humans and animals. Thus far, the carcinogenic effects of bracken-fern consumption could be related to chromosome aberrations verified in animal and in human peripheral lymphocytes. We tested the in vitro effects of vitamin C (10 and 100 microg/ml) on the reversibility of DNA damage caused by bracken-fern on human submandibular gland (HSG) cells and on oral epithelium cells (OSCC-3) previously exposed to bracken-fern extract. DNA damage (i.e. nuclei with increased levels of DNA migration) was determined by comet assay, cell morphology was evaluated by light microscopy and cellular degeneration was assessed by the acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescent-dyeing test. Results showed that vitamin C alone did not reduce DNA damage caused by bracken-fern in HSG and OSSC-3 cells. However, at a higher concentration (100 microg/ml), vitamin C induced DNA damage in both cell lines. Moreover, vitamin C (10 and 100 microg/ml) together with bracken-fern extract showed synergistic effects on the frequency of DNA damage in HSG cells. In addition, cells treated with bracken-fern extract or vitamin C alone, or with their association, showed apoptosis morphological features, such as chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic volume loss, changes in membrane symmetry and the appearance of vacuoles; these alterations were observed in both cell lines. These results demonstrate that bracken-fern extract was cytotoxic to HSG and OSCC-3 cells, causing cell death by apoptosis, and that vitamin was not able to revert these effects.