Regulatory role of amino acids in protein biosynthesis; effect of various factors

The paper embraces data available in literature and the results of the author's investigations which show synergism and antagonism interrelations between certain amino acids in the processes of transmembrane transport, amino acylation of transfer RNA and incorporation into protein. These interrelations may lead to activation and inhibition of the protein biosynthesis. It is established that an excess of any amino acid created with its administration into the organism induces the inhibition of biosynthesis and activity of the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase (ARSase), while deficiency of an amino acid intensifies the biosynthesis of the corresponding ARSase. Homogeneous crystalline proteins, such as aldolase of rabbit skeletal muscles, collagen I of rat skin, globin of chicken blood and others, are used as an example to show that as a result of feeding of the amino acid excess to animals, especially against a background of protein deficiency, the biosynthesis intensity changes and proteins with other primary structure and properties are synthetized. This testifies to that amino acids being substrates in the protein biosynthesis are regulators in this process. It is established that the biosynthesis of proteins with other primary structure under conditions of complete fasting, protein deprivation, feeding of an excess of certain amino acids to animals against a background of protein deficiency, atherosclerosis and other extremal states of the organism is not a result of erroneous incorporation of amino acids but is the process of regular, specific and stable character for each state and may be predicted. The biosynthesis of the protein with other primary structure under the effect of extremal conditions is caused, apparently, by capability to the changes of the proteinsynthetizing system.